DELLA VALLE, Reiss-Beschreibung, op. "[181] Her wealth was so vast and spread across so many different enterprises that, according to Naima, it took fifty years for the state treasury to confiscate it all.[184]. 85a87a; Silahdar, Tarih-i Silahdar, 1:59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2016 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFFreely2000 (. October 20, 2021. "[4] Throughout her career as haseki sultan, she was accused of trying to protect her own position and influence "rather than that of the sultan or of the dynasty". Tome 11 / par J." As the mother of several princesses, she had the right to arrange suitable dynastic marriages for them. 1595 ylnda tahta kan 3.Mehmed lmne kadar padiahln devam ettirmitir. 2, Living in the Ottoman Realm: Empire and Identity, 13th to 20th Centuries P. 203. sehzade iskender death - epcorcentre.org For instance, Ksem ordered his brother's corpse to be displayed before him and even threatened Ibrahim with 'strangulation, not inauguration' if he refused to be crowned sultan. "Ksem Walide or Ksem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol. Ahzde Hseyin Efendi, A2 1.5489. Osmanl topraklarna geri dndnde skender adn kullanmtr. The original title is Mizan'l-hakk. The day before the plot was due to be carried out, however, one of Ksem's slaves, Meleki Hatun, betrayed it to Sleyman Aa.[2][34]. After a week lying in state at Hagia Sophia, Mustafa was laid to rest in a large mausoleum in Bursa. [34][146] The gate was locked, so she crept into a small cabinet, hoping that Turhan's eunuchs would pass her by and that the Janissaries would come to her rescue. ehzade skender'in Kurtulu Hikayesi | Muhteem Yzyl Ksem However, after he was sent to Amasya, Mustafa got the news of an edict written by Suleiman: Suleiman had sent him to Amasya to defend the eastern part of Anatolia and learn how to manage a large empire, not because Suleiman did not want him to be his heir,. Thus, Ibrahim rejected his mother's authority, so Ksem decided to withdraw from the harem to live in a summer house outside Topkap Palace[95] and then in a house in an Imperial garden in Eyp. [169][2], Ksem's philanthropic career is notable for the many charitable acts she undertook. Mother of several children, she is especially close to these two daughters Fahriye Sultan and Hmasah Sultan. "The Present State of the Ottoman Empire", p.13, Living in the Ottoman Realm: Empire and Identity, 13th to 20th Centuries P.21, Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von. 1835-1843. pp. 1361/7. Yahya's mother Empress Safiye Sultan was concerned that this could also eventually happen to him after the death of his father, so he was smuggled out of the empire, first to Greece, and then to present-day Bulgaria. Yavuz Sultan Selim, 8 yeenini katletmitir. "[92] However, other sources suggest that ivekar Sultan was exiled to Egypt or Chios after Ibrahim's death in 1648. Suleiman ordered that Mustafa be given a state funeral in Istanbul. January 11, 2022. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSungarso2021 (. According to Yahya's own writings, when his brother, Mehmed III, became Sultan, he followed the Ottoman custom of executing all of his brothers (potential rival claimants to the Ottoman throne). According to the French historian Alphonse de Lamartine, in May 1649, following the defeat of the Ottomans in the Battle of Focchies, Ksem presided over the divan from behind a curtain, with the young sultan present. During the OttomanSafavid War: "he trusted her to look after his interests during his absences from the capital, nonetheless, Murad was vigilant in monitoring the boundaries of his mother's authority. 2015. He had spent his entire early life in the harem, learning only what the eunuchs and women could teach him, and constantly fearing execution at the hands of the ruling sultans, with several palace officials, particularly the Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Aa, nourishing these fears to control him. At the Topkap Palace, it started a tradition of lighting candles "for her soul" every night, and this tradition continued until the palace was closed in the 19th century. Ksem articulated the fact that only she could make the final decision whether the sultan lived or died, exclaiming: "They said my son Ibrahim was not suitable for the sultanate. In an effort to build her own position, Ksem secured the appointment as grand vizier of Mere Hseyin Pasha, an Albanian who presented himself as a reformer, promising to move against the assassins. Ksem Sultan, (born c. 1589died September 2, 1651), Ottoman sultana who exercised a strong influence on Ottoman politics for several decades at a time when the women of the palace enjoyed significant, even formalized authority within the palace. Murad tarafndan boduruldu. Osmanl Padiah III. [154] She is said to have struggled so much that blood from her ears and nose soiled the murderer's clothes. "[20], Contemporary observers noted Ksem's interest in the succession after the arrival of her first-born son Murad in 1612, and it is possible that the modification of the pattern of succession to the throne from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority owed something to her efforts. "[130] Relying on the advice of his grandmother, the sultan then asked to meet Grand Vizier Murat Pasha. During Suleiman's Persian campaign, his army halted in Ereli for a while. [49] During the early years of Murad's reign, Ksem had to deal with the loss of Baghdad and Erivan during the OttomanSafavid War; the rebellion of tribes in Lebanon; the Abaza rebellion in northern Anatolia; the wavering allegiances of governors in Egypt and other provinces; the assertion of independence by the Barbary states; a revolt by the Tatars in Crimea; and raids by marauding Cossacks on the Black Sea coast. The eylislam claimed, "We did not bring them, they brought us. ehzade skender'in ilk ad Yahya'dr. Moreover, she quickly got rid of the female lovers of these eunuchs; some of whom were manumitted while others were sent to be sold in the slave market. If it were up to me, it would have been taken care of long ago. In the series he is not a European count, but a janissary , then an agha. Turhan must also have resented the stipend of 2000 aspers that she received in comparison with Ksem's 3000 aspers and so she began to assert what she saw to be her rightful authority. ahin Agha would later be abandoned by his men, after which he and the other rebel leaders were hunted down and executed. [93] Her fall was a clear sign that Ksem, like others, despised Ibrahim's concubines' excessive influence over political matters. Gafil olma padiahm" demesi 3.Mehmed'i etkilemitir. ehzade skender and Humasha Sultan - YouTube One of the most tragic part of the Ottoman Empire- about how Humasha Sultan lost his brother for again and again. Kosem subtitulado Espaol - Sehzade Iskender. Buna gre Annesi Trabzon mparatorluu'nda hkm srm Komninos Hanedan'ndan gelmektedir. Aye Sultan was accordingly married to Nasuh Pasha in 1612 at the age of seven,[4] while in the same year, Gevherhan Sultan was married to kz Kara Mehmed Pasha at the age of five. When Ksem recognised his voice, she began stuffing her jewels into her pockets and fled along the Golden Way and through the Court of the Black Eunuchs to the Dome with Closets, probably hoping to escape from the palace through the Carriage Gate. Why did Suleiman the Magnificent execute his son Bayezid? El 16 de marzo de 1920, despus de que las Potencias Aliadas invadieron Estambul y disolvieron Meclis-i Mebsan, se describe el m. Pelculas Series Personas Noticias. All his sons alive at the time of his death were executed as him by Suleiman the Magnificent. Kosem Sultan | Biography, History, Children, & Facts view all 12 Haseki Meleksima Sultan's Timeline. See also Ulucay, Harem II, 47-5o. ES. But his children and his grandchildren did not maintain the high stature he had enjoyed, and his wealth and property were squandered. "[125], In 1650, Constantinople's merchants rose in rebellion. [60] In addition to her correspondence with King Philip IV of Spain, Ksem also corresponded directly with Nur Jahan, the chief wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.[61][62]. It was well after the death of Mehmed, but the competition between the three princes was still going on. You should guard yourself well, because she is determined to kill you one night. [42], Ksem entered the Topkap Palace with a great ceremony which included having a thousand dervishes marching with prayers to celebrate her forthcoming. May it be a halting place for worshippers and ascetics! According to Abdlaziz Efendi, then the chief justice of Rumeli and a central figure in the dynastic upheavals of the time, it was considered prudent to appoint the more experienced female as regent in contravention of tradition: "It being an ancient custom that upon the accession of a new sultan the mother of the previous sultan remove to the Old Palace and thus give up her honored office, the elder valide requested permission to retire to a life of seclusion. According to Rycaut, the assassins then applied the cord for the second time, although the Ottoman renegade Bobovi, relying on an informant in the harem, claimed that she was strangled with her own hair. According to the Turkish historian Muzaffer Ozgules, her chief concern was to avoid public censure. When the Istanbul populace heard of this, they closed the mosques and the bazaars for three days and nights. [111] As officials watched from a palace window, Ibrahim was strangled on 18 August 1648. Mehmet skender eler | Facebook [30], In 1619, Osman acted against Ottoman convention by paying Ksem a three-day visit at the Old Palace and taking part in her festivities, thus showing his particular affection for her. Twelve additional carriages followed her own, most likely transporting members of the imperial harem. Sehzade Iskender: Birthdate: 1550: Death: Immediate Family: Paul Ricaut, Osmanl mparatorluu'nun Hlihazrnn Tarihi (XVII. sehzade iskender death - tourdefat.com Mehmet'in 1603 ylnda vefat etmesinin ardndan kendisinden kk yeeni I. Ahmet tahta kar. 97-98, 120-123, 214-215. [126] The eylislam sympathised with their plight and intended to ask the sultan to "cancel evil innovations", but instead he was encircled and forced to accompany them to the palace. 2010 - 2012. This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.[1]. Yahya believed that as the next oldest son of Murad III, he was next in line to be Ottoman Sultan and felt cheated out of his rightful destiny. "[58] A year later, the Venetian ambassador reported that the sultan, "with a prudence beyond his years", was opposed to the truce, as were most leading statesmen except the admiral Recep Pasha and Bayram Pasha, governor of Egypt. However, Bayezid's relations with Sultan Suleiman were not good. Bu olaydan dolay halkn 3.Mehmed'e kin duyduu ve onu sevmedii rivayet edilmitir. Osmanl mparatorluunun 13. padiah ve slam camiasnn 92.halifesi olmutur. She did, however, put the money she acquired from her lands and income to good use, undertaking charitable works and construction projects as tangible manifestations of the dynasty's concern for its subjects. While power initially went to Ksem and his mother, the Janissaries and others who had carried out the revolt then reacted violently to the regicide of Osman and killed all those whom they considered responsible while at the same time attempting to protect the remaining sons of Ahmed against the efforts of Halime to eliminate them to protect her son. The poet Talcal Yahya composed an elegy for the dead prince. "The Present State of the Ottoman Empire", p.21, Rycaut, Paul. Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; southlake carroll basketball. cit., vol. "[181] Besides the annual taxes that she collected from Lesbos, Euboea, Zile, Menemen, Gaza, Kilis and other places, she operated farms in Cyprus, Rumelia and other locations in Anatolia. Published by on October 31, 2021. Byk Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 14531924, "The Debut of Ksem Sultan's Political Career", "The Surprising Pastimes of 10 of History's Worst Rulers Will Leave You Scratching Your Head", Turkish screenwriter tells Ottoman history through one woman's life, "Turkish star Beren Saat to play mother of Ottoman sultan in new drama CINEMA-TV", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ksem_Sultan&oldid=1142456369, People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Not once did you offer your good council or support. History's 9 Most Insane Rulers, Scott Rank. [18] In the early years of their marriage, she bore Ahmed four daughters: Aye Sultan, Fatma Sultan, Hanzade Sultan and Gevherhan Sultan. In 1547, during Suleiman's Elkas Campaign, the sultan met with his sons Selim, Bayezid, and Mustafa in different locations to discuss the political situation. Although, eventually she came to truly love Suleiman. Muhteem Yzyl: Ksem - Wikipedia "[105][106], During the last months of Ibrahim's reign, Ksem was thrust back into the position of dynastic protector when the Aa of the Janissaries, who were going to demand the resignation of the unpopular Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha, warned her to take great care to safeguard the princes. Ksem eventually reached an agreement with the viziers to install her son Murad as sultan. cit., s. 22, 649. But because the loving mother of the [new] sultan was still young and truly ignorant of the state of the world, it was thought that if she were in control of government, there would result the possibility of harm to the welfare of the state. Aabeyi III. Hrrem was a young woman who seduced Sultan Suleiman in order to gain more power in the harem she was abducted into. "[110], The extent in which Ksem was involved in Ibrahim's execution has always been a source of debate. In the TV series "Muhteem Yzyl: Ksem" the count Alexander was played by Berk Cankat. [66] The letter also mentions her anxiety about Murad's health and her frustration over her lack of direct control over important decisions: "Greeting and prayers to his excellency the Pasha. "The Present State of the Ottoman Empire", p.37, Rycaut, Paul. Now entering her fourth decade of political involvement, Ksem was a shrewd and experienced politician. [50][51], Cossack incursions into the Ottoman Empire were common throughout the early 17th century, disrupting the security of the Black Sea and forcing the Ottomans to consider reinforcing the Bosphorus, especially after the Cossack incursion of 1624. Sehzade Iskender (1550 - d.) - Genealogy Buried in Ahmed I Mausoleum, Sultan Ahmed Mosque. WHKMLA : Comparative history of art patronage : Renaissance Florence In 1541, he faced a shock after being sent to Amasya from the more prominent Manisa; the rule of Manisa was given to Mehmed, while ehzade Selim and ehzade Bayezid were sent to Konya and Ktahya for their sanjak assignments. According to Naima, the Grand Vizier was misled by "certain would-be doctors of religion" who quoted legal texts to the effect that the guardian of a minor sultan was entitled to exercise sovereignty prerogatives; as a result, he resented Ksem's control over the government, hoping that he, rather than the sultan's grandmother, would act as regent. [150][151] Rycaut also mentioned the theft of a beautiful locket engraved with the names of her late sons Murad and Ibrahim. The title for consorts of crown princes was "Vali Ahad Zevcesi", with the full style of Veliahd Zevcesi (given name) (rank) Hanmefendi Hazretleri. If anyone is under my protection, it is my son. For the son of Bayezid I, see, Depictions in literature and popular culture, According to other sources, including Alderson, it was the concubine of, Ylmaz ztuna, Kanuni Sultan Sleyman (Sayfa: 174-189), Babali Kltr Yaynlar, 2006, Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 11:45, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "A General History of the Near East, Chapter 13", "Mehmet Gnsr: Sehzade Mustafa, Sehzade Mustafa", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ehzade_Mustafa&oldid=1139692030. the frost of death was on the pane analysis; are there alligators in lake thonotosassa; special k probiotics berries and peaches discontinued; who is callie feeding in van helsing; muzzle brake canada legal. He died in 1648 or 1649[2] on the Montenegrin coast, where he was involved in a rebellion organized by the Roman Catholic bishops of Shkodr and Bar. It is difficult to discern what sort of relationship Mustafa had with his half-brothers Mehmed (born 1521), Selim (born 1524), Bayezid (born 1525), and Cihangir (born 1531). They said his presence is harmful, I said 'let him be removed', then I said 'let him be executed.' [108][109], Ten days after Ibrahim's dethronement, the newly appointed Grand Vizier Mehmed Pasha asked the eyhlislam Abdrrahim Efendi for a fatw sanctioning Ibrahim's execution which was granted, with the message: "If there are two caliphs, kill one of them." Ksem tried to get financial assistance from Cinci Hoca, the sultan's chief treasurer, but he declined. [77], Of Ksem's last surviving sons, the mentally unstable Ibrahim, lived in fear of being the next of his brothers to be executed by Murad. Ksem Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: ;[a] c. 1589[1] 2 September 1651[2]), also known as Mahpeyker Sultan[3][4] (Persian: ;[b] lit. "[63], Rejecting an offer of marriage into the imperial family was tantamount to treason, so statesmen could hardly decline a proposed match. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ehzade&oldid=1142341541, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:46. Tims Production produced a follow-up to the smash-hit historical-fiction television, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 13:41. My words are bitter to him now. Nergisah Sultan (1536 - 1592). "[129], The sultan then asked what was causing the uproar and advised the eylislam to return the next day when the merchants would submit their grievances to him, but they responded, "We will not take a step backward until we receive what we deserve. ", Enraged by his mother's excessive support for the governor of Egypt, Murad moved to break Ksem's ties with her son-in-law Admiral Hseyin Pasha, the husband of her daughter Fatima, by forcing the dissolution of the marriage. He also forced his sisters and niece to work as maids for his wife Hmaah Sultan. Muhteem Yzyl Ksem 28.Blm | "Bana asla sahip olamayacaksn" Abisinin III. [25] His uncle Mustafa was kept alive, as were Osman's younger brothers, protected by Ksem. Murat, amcas Mustafa'y ve kardei Mustafa'y ldrtmtr. Sehzade 2 1 episode, 2017 Tuncay Koal . The port city of Volos was also her property. According to a report from 1675, Ksem's entourage initially repulsed them: "But Sleyman Agha being a stout man drew his Dagger and struck the chief Chamberlain Bash Kapa Oglar on the face, upon which the other Eunuchs who accompanied Sleyman entered furiously with their Daggers, at which the Eunuchs of the Queen flying, she remained alone in the Chamber, where she was committed to the Custody of the [sultans] Eunuchs. [4], Ahmed favoured Ksem above all his concubines, lavishing on her the finest jewels[17] and a stipend of 1,000 aspers a day. "[117] In 1649, Ksem promoted herself to the previously non-existent rank of byk ("elder") valide to allow her to outrank Turhan Sultan. Death: Immediate Family: Wife of Sehzade Osman Osman Mother of Sehzade Iskender. The eylislam deferred to Ksem in the matter of her son's deposition, informing her that all of the statesmen were in favour and that they were prepared to swear allegiance to Ibrahim's son, Mehmed, the eldest prince. he answered, "We have all agreed to depose Sultan Mehmed and enthrone [Prince] Sleyman. As for you, whenever you're ready let me know, and I'll act accordingly. Her purpose was undoubtedly in part to force the situation so that she could have some influence over the outcome. My son leaves in the morning and comes back at night, I never see him. You are not only the mother of the sultan; you are the mother also of all true believers. Bu site deneyimlerinizi kiiselletirmek amacyla KVKK ve GDPR uyarnca erez(cookie) kullanmaktadr. [174], According to Naima, "She would free her slave women after two or three years of service, and would arrange marriages with retired officers of the court or suitable persons from outside, giving the women dowries and jewels and several purses of money according to their talents and station, and ensuring that their husbands had suitable positions. 2016. He noted that the Spanish "base their hopes on these two and the Sultan's mother and sister. "[49], In the introduction to the English translation of the novel Histoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des Turcs, et de l'impratrice Aphendina Ashada by Madame de Gomez in 1736, describing the life of Osman II, Ksem is said to have been "one of the most active in politics and enterprising women of her time, which she achieved by insidious intrigues from ambitious motives. But because he paid no attention to her, she became reluctant to talk with him, and for a long while resided in the gardens near Topkapi. ehzade skender and Humasha Sultan - YouTube 1835-1843. pp. Sehzade Iskender. [100] In 1648, the Janissaries and members of the ulama revolted against Ibrahim who lost his temper and fled into the arms of his mother, whom he had reluctantly allowed back into the harem, begging her to protect him. What's to be done? 1648? 19 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1957); M. Tayyib Gkbilgin, "Katip elebi, Interprte et rnovateur des traditions religieuses au XVIIe sicle," Turcica 3 (1971): 7179. Birth of Haseki Meleksima Sultan. Already displeased, Ksem immediately deposed him and had him strangled with the support of the Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Aa. He's just gotten out of a sickbed, and he's walking around in the cold. Kosovo, A Short History (1998), Noel Malcolm -- Harper Perennial - pp. Birth of Sehazde mer. "The present state of the Ottoman Empire" p.18, sfn error: no target: CITEREFFreely2000158 (, Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von. [31], On Ahmed's early death from typhus and gastric bleeding on 22 November 1617, Ksem became the head of a faction that successfully supported his half-brother Mustafa's accession to the throne. Sons of ehzades also carried the same title as their fathers, and daughters of ehzades hold the title sultan after their name. In 1549, as a reward for his excellent participation in the Ottoman-Safavid War, Mustafa moved to Konya for his sanjak assignment. Indeed, when Osman departed on the Polish campaign of 1621, he executed only Mehmed, the eldest of his younger brothers, who was not one of Ksem's sons. And you," he added, handing the seal to Kara Murat Pasha, the Aa of the Janissaries, "take it; I will see what you can do." During his time in Amasya, Mustafa got the news of the death of his brother Mehmed on 6 November 1543. ", In 1638, following the recapture of Baghdad from the Safavids, Ksem was a key figure in the celebrations surrounding her son Murad's triumphal return to Constantinople. Her husband was Governor of, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 11:45. She built a school, fountain, bath and fountain, for which let God grant her favor and benevolence! And now, how are you and how are your affairs? History of the Ottoman Turks: from the beginning of their empire, p. 17, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power by Colin Imber, p. 69, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire p.55-103, Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe, p. 35, Rycaut, Paul. Their struggle was overheard by Ksem, who reprimanded Ibrahim and allowed the woman to escape the harem. Kurulu devrinden itibaren evladn ve/veya kardelerini ldrten padiahlar yledir: Osman Gazi, amcas Dndar beyi katlettirmitir. sehzade iskender death June 12, 2022June 12, 20220 Comments He resolves to uphold the justice of the law . Sultan 3.Mehmed, Osmanl-Avusturya sava devam ederken tahta gemitir. [177] Following the capture of Rethymno in Crete in 1646, one of its many converted churches was renamed the Valide Sultan Mosque in Ortakap in her honour,[178] making her the first Ottoman noblewoman whose name was given to one of a conquered city's converted religious structures. "Histoire de l'Empire ottoman, depuis son origine jusqu' nos jours. Relazioni di ambascitori veneti al Senato, op. In fact, he even executed his own sons before campaigning against the Safavids in 1514. All I wish is for him to stay alive. The work presented to Osman II was Kitab-i M stetab. On 8 August 1648, Ibrahim was dethroned and imprisoned in Topkap Palace. The markets are plundered. 1835-1843. pp. He claimed that the sultan had a "passionate" love for Ksem, emphasizing that this was the result of witchcraft. [64] Ksem also paired off numerous other women in the Imperial household with men whose standing would be beneficial to her. Additionally in 1651 she funded the construction of the Byk Valide Han in Constantinople, which was used to provide accommodation for foreign traders, store goods and merchandise, house artisan workshops, and provide business offices (an urban legend claims that she hid most of her precious jewels in the depths of one of its towers). He was then supposedly baptized at an Orthodox Christian monastery, where he lived for the next eight years of his life.[1]. A letter to the Grand Vizier Damad Hilal Pasha, dated 1627, reveals Ksem's concern about two troublesome matters: the security of Yemen, which would break free of Ottoman control in 1636, and the chronic problem of making salary payments, especially to the Janissaries, the frequently unruly Ottoman infantry. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, kardei Ahmed'i ve stanbul'un fethi aamasnda Orhan isminde bir ehzadeyi katletmitir. 390 likes. Thanks to God, I have lived through four reigns and I have governed myself for a long while. I wish you would listen to me and have them stop practicing the javelin in the Hippodrome. Then, assuming she was dead, they screamed out, 'She is dead, she is dead!' While Suleiman's army was in Ereli, Rstem Pasha made an offer to Mustafa to join his father's army. [25] After that incident, Ksem and her stepson Osman grew fond of each other. Whoever says it's good for him is lying. The Negotiations of Thomas Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman Empire from the year 1621 to the year 1628. Suleiman saw this as a threat and ordered the execution of his son.
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