Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. This included both agricultural and hunting land. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Kinship Terminology. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. It is "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Identification and Location. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. The main point of contact The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Girling, F. K. (1960). The Acholi of Uganda. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. Kasozi, A. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. - CORE Rwot, 'ruler'). Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. //. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Dwyer, John O. jok ). in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful Conflict. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Even in this . collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Identification. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. named Luo. into the independence era. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Congo. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Bor Lango cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. . be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Death and Afterlife. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 3 vols. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Behrend, Heike (1991). Division of Labor. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Identification. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. NRA in 1986. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. and tributes paid to them. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. In . Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Political Organization. Orientation Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Social Organization. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. Omissions? Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Arts. p. 41). At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Medicine. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. It does not store any personal data. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. At its peak in 2005 over With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Jur Alur The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Webster, J. Political Organization. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. As some of these languages show some form ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro southern part of the country relatively young. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Stream and swamp fishing are important. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Ocheng, D. O. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun
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