The Road Traffic Act Lamp Requirements on Vehicles, Family Matters Paternity & Adoption Leave, The Road Traffic Act Motor Vehicle Noise Limits, Dos and Donts in Communicating with the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Back to School Health Tips: Properly Wash Your Hands. . [2], William said that he took the surname Bustamante to honour a Spanish sea captain who he claims adopted him in his early years and took him to Spain where he was sent to school and later returned to Jamaica. State the contribution religion to Jamaica and the Caribbean. Smith had claimed to be "the youngest Jamaica-born bishop in Jamaica's church history", and openly spewed controversial utterances, including forbidding his flock to take the COVID-19 vaccination. ." Terms of Use | Privacy | Contact Us [16] Two days later, Bustamante retired, and Sangster became Jamaica's second prime minister. Manley and released from prison in 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party the same year. Ever wondered how big is Jamaica, the size of Jamaica, or just how LARGE is Jamaica compared to other countries? For instance, Alexander Bustamante, Manley's cousin, was one of the labor leaders and was imprisoned for his role in the riots. With independence, Newcastle was given to the Jamaican government as part of a general settlement of all military lands in Jamaica. In 1952 while on official business in Puerto Rico, he was arrested by the American authorities. Pay and working conditions were poor in the 1920s and 1930s. During the 1910s and 1920s Marcus Garvey was an important figure in the United States, especially for African Americans. On his return to Cuba, he joined the Cuban president's Special Police Force. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. One book was Ewart Walters' We Come from Jamaica: The National Movement - 1937-1962, with which I had already tangled in the press over its reported treatment of Alexander Bustamante. His complete name is Norman Washington Manley. Where is George William Gordon statue located? Bustamantes success in negotiating substantial gains for large groups of workers fuelled further support for the Jamaica Labour Party and when the elections of December 1944 were held the party won with a land-slide victory.Later in 1962 when Jamaica became independent Bustamante was named the new nations first Prime Minister. Later, when failing health forced the aging Shearers to relinquish the lease, Robert Clarke was retained by the new management as property manager and overseer, and he took up residence in the Great House with his family. Even at this time the mass of British West Indians were unable to vote, so the cause of federation after the disturbances became identified with the movement for universal adult suffrage, self-government for better and improved working conditions, therefore, gaining more mass support than it had before. Although he was also won over to West Indian unity and Jamaica's participation in the West Indies Federation. He became Jamaica's first Chief Minister, a position he held until 1954, being knighted that same year by the queen. Bee Keeper 3. The Jamaican people were no longer prepared to believe that there was no better for them. In February 1968, the Jamaican House of Representatives and the Senate paid tribute to Sir Alexander. In February 1968, the Jamaican House of Representatives and the Senate paid tribute to Sir Alexander. His father, Robert Constantine Clarke, a member of . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Sives and Gray date modern Jamaican politics from 1944, losing the crucial context of the 1938 upheavals. [CDATA[ On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The home of IOTP is the Caribbean Military Academy (CMA) Newcastle, which is located at the Newcastle Hill Station, St Andrew, Jamaica. Curacao, N.A. In September 1940, Bustamante was incarcerated by the governor for making inflammatory speeches. Bustamante felt that he was destined to lead his country some day. He was awarded an honorary degree from the American University, Fairfield, Connecticut (1963), In 1966, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa of the University of the West Indies was conferred on him. The expectation was that both would be complementary arms of a single process: the political arm was to be led by the leading barrister Norman Manley, who launched the avowedly socialist People's National Party in September 1938; while the trade union arm was to be led by Alexander Bustamante, who registered the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) in January 1939. In 1966, he was also awarded the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star by the Republic of China. Turkish politician and writer Blent Ecevit (born 1925) was alternately prime minister and leader of the opposition in the 1970s; since, Sleyman Demirel In Economic Integration in the Americas, edited by Christos C. Paraskevopoulos, Ricardo Grinspun, and George Eaton. Sir Alexander Bustamante died on August 6, 1977, the 15th anniversary of Jamaica's independence. He was born William Alexander Clarke on February 24, 1884, to Mary Clarke and Robert Constantine Clarke. Two seats were won by independents. FIRST PRIME MINISTER Aug. 6, 1962 - Feb. 27, 1967. Where is George William Gordon statue located? The first general election under Universal Adult Suffrage came in 1944 and the JLP won 22 of the 32 seats. SIR ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE 1884-1977 . They accused the Government of doing little to help secure their return home. William Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977) was Jamaica's first Prime Minister. They were concerned about the expense of the venture. He would make realistic union demands and then strive to attain them, first by industrial action, and then, if need be, by political action. ID: 1485659 Language: English School subject: Social Studies Grade/level: 4 Age: 8-12 Main content: Contribution of Jamaica's National Heroes to Nation Building Other contents: Slavery, Freedom, Fight, Heroes, Contribution, Nation Building, Paul Bogle, Sam Sharpe, George William Gordon, Marcus Garvey, Nanny of the Maroons, Alexander Bustamante Add to my workbooks (10) 279-281. If independence meant a triumph for the struggle for self-government that began in the . In the 1961 Federation membership referendum Jamaica voted 54% to leave the West Indies Federation. The course structure allows the Instructing Staff to educate, build, develop and scrutinize an OCdts ability to decide and communicate accurately and ethically while under pressure and or stress. Federation was also seen as the means whereby the British colonies jointly could develop and implement plans to deal with their common, social and economic problems that were being experienced in education, health, communication and employment. ." Between 1934 and 1938, Sir Alexander Bustamante swamped the press with letters denouncing the social conditions of Jamaica and demanded a better deal for poor and under-privileged people. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Manley was elected chief minister in 1955 and 1959, and was also responsible for leading negotiations for Jamaica's Independence in 1962. He agitated for Jamaica to become independent of Great Britain. He was also awarded the Distinguished Order of the Brilliant Star with special Grand Cordon by the Government of the Republic of China. Bustamante gave his full support to the party founded in September 1938, just as the Party gave its support to his Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU), founded in May 1938. ( m. 1962) . [27] It is a grated coconut and dark brown sugar confection flavored with fresh grated ginger, cooked to a hard consistency, "which is said to represent his firmness of character." He became the unofficial government leader, representing his party as Minister for Communications. Tramcar Inspector 6. In 1905, he left Jamaica once again at 21 years of age. He also had two elder sisters, Ida and Daisy Clarke, by a previous marriage of his father. He also used the BITU to meet the emotional needs of workers, especially on the socially stratified sugar estates, by meeting the employers' high-handed action and deprecating language with equally intimidating language and action. Manley was enlisted in the British Army in 1914 and . Some waterfront workers who were on strike refused to return to work before Bustamante's release; regardless of what other terms were offered. In 1839, 110 men perished and in the following year 121. After World War II, Jamaican leaders developed the government structure to prepare for independence. These were other issues such as freedom of movement within the federation and a customs union which remained unresolved to trouble future relations among the members of the federation. He was the second of five children born to Robert Clarke, a white Jamaican, and Mary Wilson, Clarke's second wife . However, the date of retrieval is often important. His fourth wife was Gladys Longbridge, who he married on 7 September 1962, at the age of 78. Of great importance was that Barbados and Jamaica entered the mainstream of the federal movement since labour and political leaders like Grantley Adams and Norman Manley were federationists. At the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945), life at Newcastle changed a little. Jamaicans voted against federation when they voted on September 1, 1961. Norman Manley. His followers were from all social strata - rich, poor and middle class; educated and uneducated; unemployed and employed - and included . . He told them that he was more powerful than the governor. On October 18, 1969 as per Government Notice 706 Jamaica Gazette, Bustamante was conferred with the Order of National Hero along with his cousin Norman Washington Manley. Restless, Alexander Clarke left Belmont Estate and went to Cuba in 1905. William Alexander Bustamante left Jamaica in 1905 and lived in countries such as Cuba, Panama and the USA. Michael Norman Manley. 1, 2015, pp. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In the 1955 Jamaican general election, the PNP won for the first time, securing 18 out of 32 seats. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. As a result of his wide travels and natural intelligence, he had gained much experience in a variety of occupations. including the Jamaica Gleaner's Hospitality Jamaica, Carlong Publishers, This year Diana Paton and Matthew J. Smith, the editors of The Jamaica Reader, invite us to look back on how the nation has conceived of its self-governance with this speech from former Jamaican premier Norman Washington Manley.. On May 28, 1938 both men were freed on bail. Son of an Irish planter named Robert Constantine Clarke and a coloured Jamaican woman , Mary Clarke. Newcastle became a training depot, training recruits from all over the West Indies as part of the. Sir Alexander Bustamante also became the first Prime Minister of Independent Jamaica in 1962. Kingston, Jamaica: Longmans Caribbean Limited, 1971. Norman Washington Manley and the New Jamaica: Selected Speeches and Writings 19381968. Jamaica gained its independence from the United Kingdom on August 6, 1962. Want a virtual vacation on the coolest island in the Caribbean? Coat of arms of Jamaica. Later that month, the Bustamante Foundation was launched simultaneously in four countries, as a permanent and lasting memory of Sir Alexanders services to Jamaica. However, he was acquitted. Depending on the specific mandate, there can also be working groups composed of an independent expert from each of the five UN regional groupings (Africa, Asia . Fixed: Release in which this issue/RFE has been fixed.The release containing this fix may be available for download as an Early Access Release or a General Availability Release. Or, simplyclick hereand here,to browse my library of over 500 questions and answers! "Federation is the best thing for these islands. I am, however, prepared to guide them into seeing that federation will be good for Jamaica.". Hon. In July 1943, Bustamante launched the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) as the political arm of the BITU to contest the first general election based on universal suffrage under the new 1944 constitution. On 21 February, in the 1967 Jamaican general election, the JLP were victorious again, winning 33 out of 53 seats, with the PNP taking 20 seats. Read more about himhere. Bustamante was commended in 1955 for his public services in Jamaica. Small returned to Jamaica to a massive welcome home party. New! A referendum in 1961 supported their views. The 1938 labour riots was another turning point in the history of the people of Jamaica. Sir Alexander Bustamante. Back in Jamaica in the mid-thirties his money-lending business prospered, but while it gave him a livelihood it also opened his eyes to the appalling plight of the poor. The only limits placed on their powers pertained to public security, public prosecutions and matters affecting members of the Civil Service, which still fell under the Colonial Secretary. He was named William Alexander Clarke, but later changed his name in 1944 to William Alexander Bustamante. He also enhanced his "representativeness" and acceptability by participating in the organizational work of other trade unions, and by sharing the platforms of activists associated with the teachings of Marcus Garvey (18871940), the Jamaican-born advocate of "black consciousness and pride." At this time, too, Norman Manley as a legal advocate was very busy on behalf of Bustamante. Bustamante who won the Western Kingston Constituency by a large majority, was appointed Minister of Communication and Works. Spouse. He founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union [BITU], the first trade union in Jamaica. He was registered William Alexander Clarke but later changed his name by deed poll. The other book was Colin Palmer's Freedom's Children - The 1938 Labour Rebellion and the Birth of Modern Jamaica. Tel: (876)-929-1183 Returning Residents | Your Safety and Security Guide to Resettling in Jamaica, Returning Residents | Returning Citizens Information Guide, National Land Agency Systematic Land Registration, Jamaicans Overseas & Consular Affairs Department, Eligibility and Basic Provisions for Returning Resident Status, Additional $100 Million for Drought Response, Mico Hailed for Providing Quality Education Training, Over 500 Volunteers Participated in Klean Kingston Initiative, International Reggae Poster Contest Exhibit Opened, Ilegal Dump Sites In St. Catherine Being Targeted, Municipal Corporations Being Given Water Trucks to Serve Drought-Stricken Areas. Dairy Farmer 4. Simply click here to return to article_submission. Sadly Bustamante never returned to active politics and officially retired in 1967. An experienced and popular Conservative politician, Kenneth Harry Clarke (born 1940) became Great Britain's chancellor of the ex, Michael Manley (1924-1997) was the leader of the People's National Party of Jamaica, prime minister (1972-1980, 1989-1992), and theoretician for a ne, Blent Ecevit Initially, the British government was conservative in approving a hill station for the troops in Jamaica. [20] In the same year, he was also awarded the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star by the Republic of China. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. | Privacy Policy, Im a born Jamaican, Im a son of the soil, I love the sea, I love the sun, Lord I love this land -- Born Jamaican by Stanley and the Astronauts, 1.- How can anyone who lives in the USA start the process of buying a house in Jamaica if they're planning to move to that beautiful island? A fiery leftist and critic of the United States in his first two terms, in his third term he was a moderate with close ties to America.. Michael Norman Manley was born in St. Andrew, Jamaica . "Bad Friday: Rastafari After Coral Gardens dir. The 1949 Jamaican general election was much closer. It is believed that Bustamante made a considerable amount of money speculating on the Wall Street stock market. Encyclopedia.com. Sign me up! [19] In 1966, an honorary LLD degree was conferred on him by the University of the West Indies. Kenneth Harry Clarke Sir Alexander Bustamante, Jamaica Information Service, https://jis.gov.jm/information/heroes/sir-alexander-bustamante-2/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante, The Rt. Though initially a supporter of the Federation of the West Indies, during the 1950s, Bustamante gradually opposed the union. Resolved: Release in which this issue/RFE has been resolved. His father, Robert Constantine Clarke, a member of the declining white plantocracy, was the overseer of a small, mixed-crop plantation called Blenheim, in the parish of Hanover on the then-isolated northwestern coast of the island. He was given the "Order of National Hero" and became one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes. Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884 - 1977) National Hero & First Prime Minister Of Jamaica, Places Named After Alexander Bustamante (Jamaica's First Prime Minister), Join in and write your own page! Bustamante and St William Grant were arrested and charged for causing disturbances in the country, which could lead to overthrow of the Government. In 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), and was also its first leader. Copy of Social Studies Lesson - Read online for free. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The rebellion involved up to 60,000 of the 300,000 slaves in Jamaica who demanded more freedom and a working wage. The widespread anti-colonial activism finally resulted in Parliament's granting universal suffrage in 1944 to residents in Jamaica. Bustamante was quick to realise that the social and economic ills that such a system engendered, had to be countered by mobilisation of the working class. The site selected was a coffee plantation protruding from the southern face of the grand ridge of the Blue Mountains. Norman Washington Manley and Alexander Bustamante were cousins. He gained recognition by writing frequent letters on the issues to the Daily Gleaner newspaper. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bustamante-alexander. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). He took the surname Bustamante in 1944 to honour a Spanish sea captain who he claims adopted him in his early years and took him to Spain where he was sent to school and later returned to Jamaica. Unlike previous Jamaican "messiahs" in the twentieth century, Bustamante focused on the material improvement of the dispossessed through direct action. Bustamante was quick to realise that the social and economic ills that such a system engendered, had to be countered by mobilisation . We think you'll like them better this way. Chances are someone already asked (and got an answer to) your question. The 'exploration' was based on two new books. The country continues to honour his memory and there are countless Jamaicans who continue to say "We will follow Busta till we dead.". In addition, Newport West, East and adjoining port areas were renamed Bustamante Port in keeping with the National Heroe's long association with the labour movement. The crowd was always very friendly towards Bustamante. He was a labour leader and founder of the Jamaican Labour Party, and became his country's first Prime Minister (1962-65) after independence from Britain in 1962. He worked as a policeman in Cuba, as a tramcar conductor in Panama, and as a dietician in a New York City hospital. In Jamaica the. If you are on social media, here are the links to follow his latest posts: You are also invited tojoin his exclusive JAMHearts communitywhere like-minded Jamaican enthusiasts discuss all things Jamaican. It's easy to do. In 1953, Bustamante became Jamaica's first chief minister (the pre-independence title for head of government). [21] On 9 June 1967, Bustamante was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE).[22]. In 1969, Bustamante became a Member of the Order of National Hero (ONH) in recognition of his achievement. The refrain "we will follow Bustamante till we die" was chanted by thousands of his supporters at rallies and marches across the country. Norwegian politician Kjell Magne Bondevik (born 1947) twice served as prime minister of his country. He was also the principal Government spokesman in the House of Representatives. In 1966 Sir Alexander was awarded the National Order of Knight Grand Cross. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante ONH GBE PC (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 February 1884 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader, who, in 1962, became the first prime minister of Jamaica. He had three sisters, Louise, Iris and Maude and a younger brother, Herbert. At fifty (50) years of age, he had reached a point in life where he felt he had developed to lead his country forward to a better way of living. He was made a member of the Privy Council in 1963. Born in Roxborough, Manchester on July 4, 1893, Manley began building his political legacy working with the Jamaica Welfare Limited. His portrait is found on the Jamaican one dollar coin. London: Edward Elgar, 1996. Samuel Sharpe. He, however, consoled himself that he alone controlled the masses, and if he was tested again there would be great trouble in Jamaica. He was the second of five children of the Clarke family. His towering height, bushy hair and his dramatic gestures were important elements, which drew people to him. His political activism focused on uniting the African diaspora and pushing for the establishment of a society of black people which enjoys socio-political and economic freedom from colonizers. Caribbean Labour Series, number 13. In May the federation was dissolved. The following day Bustamante addressed a large meeting at the corner of Duke and Harbour streets. Under this system, the Governor had the right to veto at all times, which he very often exercised against the wishes of the majority. Their demand was for higher wages. There were many human right abuses. It was this confidence which took him to Frome after the disturbances that had left six dead, 50 wounded and 89 charged with rioting. In May 1938 at Heroes Park, Bustamante told a crowd, "Long live the king, but Denham must go." How many parishes were in Jamaica in 1844? This charismatic labour and political leader declared, "I have made up my mind to fight for the workers of this country. To date, he serves over 9,300 unique readers / viewers per day. It is therefore a monument to the genius of Sir Alexander Bustamante, the Rt Hon Edward Seaga, and the late Rt Hon Hugh Shearer that so many institutions created by them still exist today. . Established on 3 January 1958, the West Indies Federation comprised the 10 territories of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, the then St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago. Nanny of the Maroons. The British regiment was replaced by Canadian regiments which remained at Newcastle for the duration of the war. On this day in Jamaican history, the Right Honorable Sir Alexander Bustamante, the first Prime Minister of Jamaica, was born. Reverse. In May 1841, London finally sanctioned Gomms efforts to build what is thought to be the first permanent mountain station in the British West Indies at Newcastle. Bustamante is honoured in Jamaica with the title National Hero of Jamaica in recognition of his achievements. Political party. In 1969, Sir Alexander Bustamante was designated Jamaica's only living National Hero. These very people through the instrumentality of leaders like Bustmante and Norman Manley finally realised that they could emancipate themselves from their economic and political bondage. This mass migration did little to alleviate the already tremendous unemployment problem. Together, they founded a political dynasty, each serving more than once as the head of the government while the other took the role of leader of the opposition. When Sir Alexander Bustamante began to make his presence felt in Jamaica, the country was still a Crown Colony. His grandmother Elsie Clarke-Shearer was also the grandmother of Bustamantes contemporary and fellow National Hero, Norman Washington Manley. Script: Latin . The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante (24 February 1884 - 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who became the first prime minister of Jamaica. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante was Jamaica's first Prime Minister after the country gained independence in 1962, was born on February 24, 1884. (February 22, 2023). They were the. Marcus Garvey was the proponent of Black Nationalism and Pan Africanism movements in the US during the 1920s. He was the second of five children born to Robert Clarke, a white Jamaican, and Mary Wilson, Clarke's second wife, a colored woman of peasant stock. The 1959 Jamaican general election was held on 28 July 1959, and the number of seats was increased to 45. In 1979 a 30 foot monument in honour of Sir Alexander was unveiled in the National Heroes Park. He served from 1962 to 1967.The Right Excellent Sir Alexander Bustamante, born Alexander Clarke.Sir Alexander Bustamante -kesartisty. It works! Alexander Bustamante When Alexander Bustamante began to make his presence felt in Jamaica, the country was still a Crown Colony. In April 1963 he ordered the police and army to "Bring in all Rastas, dead or alive" [13] and over 150 Rastas were detained and an unknown number killed. Click Here to try our dependable and effectiveSite Search tool. The Bustamante Foundation was launched simultaneously in four countries, later in the month, as a permanent and lasting memory of Sir Alexander Bustamantes services to Jamaica. An ordained minister who sp, Bustamante y Rivero, Jos Luis (18941990), Bustamante, Cruz M.: 1953: Lieutenant Governor, Politician, Bustamante, William Alexander (18841977), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bustamante-alexander. Alexander Bustamante had dominated the JLP with an iron hand, hence there had been no opposition to his naming Edward Seaga as the contestant for the constituency of West Kingston in 1962. Early Life. For the first time, the Ministers could now exercise wide responsibility in the management of the internal affairs of the island. Previously he had belonged to the People's National Party (founded in 1938 by his first cousin Norman Manley). Simply click here to return to, Buying a house in Jamaica - Questions & Answers. Between 1935-1937 he was involved in every activity which highlighted the terrible plight of the majority of the population. In 1952 while on official business in Puerto Rico, he was arrested by the American authorities. Junior Estate Overseer 5. by Xavier Murphy. Bustamante was commended in 1955 for his public services in Jamaica. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Sir Alexander became the first Prime Minister of Independent Jamaica in 1962. By virtue of the second marriage of Elsie Hunter, his paternal grandmother, to Alexander Shearer, he became distantly related to both Norman Washington Manley and Michael Manley, as well as to Hugh Shearer.After his return to Jamaica, Bustamante established himself as a money-lender in modest offices on Duke Street, then the desired cachet for all business addresses in Kingston. In 1938 when he was attacked by the "Jamaica Standard" newspaper, Bustmante told a crowd of 2,000 at North Parade, I want the 'Standard' to know that I represent the lower and middle-class people in Jamaica; they have confidence in me.". There are statues of him at North Parade . Jamaica simultaneously sought her independence, which was achieved on August 6, 1962. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante ONH GBE PC (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 February 1884 - 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader, who, in 1962, became the first prime minister of Jamaica. He returned to Jamaica in 1932 at the age of 48, where he opened a money lending and dairy products office at 1a Duke Street in Kingston and provided these services. Encyclopedia.com. In 1940, he was imprisoned on charges of subversive activities. The product of the IOTP will be an ethical and robust Officer who has the knowledge, skills, attitudes and intellectual agility to adapt their decision-making process and approach to any environment. This resulted in the independence of Jamaica on 6 August 1962, and several other British colonies in the West Indies followed suit in the next decade. Marcus Garvey. Bust of Sir Alexander Bustamante facing forward. Miss Fenton was very knowledgeable about British government affairs and was a friend of Sir Winston Churchill and the Queen Mother. His parents were Robert Clarke, an Irish-descended book-keeper and Mary Clarke . Bustamante as well as others did not regard federation as a necessary step towards their achievement of self- Government or even independence.
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