Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Hall Fund. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. . [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. EKPE = ABAKUA: The Voice of The Leopard - Chief Yagbe Awolowo Onilu Nsibidi | Eneke The Bird These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Mr. . The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. . In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. (1985). Google Scholar Aye, E. A. ""Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating - NSUWorks [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. PDF Read Free Misiva De Sangre Las Cronicas De Tito Valerio Ner [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. No disrespect allowed. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. Cameroon: Manyu Cultural Counsellor Honoured - allAfrica.com It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). wikipedia.en/Akpakip_Oro.md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Hugh, Goldie. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. According to him . Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Tanzania and the Art of Africa | JTArtRave There is not even one single manyangero mentioned on all the write up on any of the ekpe/mgbe stories. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Read More mask The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. Among these missionaries were Rev. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. What role does religion play in society today? Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. the exhibition explores the long- Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. ekpe society cameroon. Simple theme. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Nigeria Has Never Exercised Rule Over Bakassi Even in Traditional Society Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. EKPE SOCIETY: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DC EKPE LODGE - Blogger Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare Nsibidi/Ekpuk Philosophy and Mysticism - Academia.edu The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. clothing stores in columbia mall She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Flashlight on drama & film : a drama for situation analysis guide [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. Ivor Miller - AfroCubaWeb [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. [59] According to Rev. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica I'm still struggling to understand her choice. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. The Efik Language and Its Future. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Posted on March 01, 2015 NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository The Decline of Ekpe Masquerade amongst the Efik Speakers Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Efik people - Wikipedia "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. This is UKARA cloth used by the Ekpe society in a handful of places in Nigeria, Cameroon The symbols are nisbidi You even scanned the raffia marks left from resist dyeing I hope you won't sue the owners in future! These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. ,sister Watz. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. "Egbo" redirects here. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. [80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. According to E.U. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. You are using an out of date browser. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. . Ed Keazor Follow Barrister-at-Law Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. (Ed.). History of the Ekpe masquerade and secret society of the Efik people Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. [72] The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs.
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