Social Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. 1010 Chapter 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. 9. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. What role does school climate play in student socialization? Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. School as an Agent of Socialization - 570 Words | Essay Example Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. 2010). How did you perceive other groups? Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. How do they contribute to student socialization? The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). What problems are being identified? Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). 52 Examples of a Social Experience John Spacey, June 09, 2022 Social experiences are interactions with other people. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. 3. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. 10. Students also learn their gender at school. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. 8. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. 2007). What group(s) were you in? In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Socializationrefers to the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. 2010). This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Social Rules and Expectations for Children | Understood As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. Benefits. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? Want to create or adapt books like this? Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? Not all school violence is overt. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Examples Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Schools and Socialization - Econlib Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. The government also funds other programs that provide The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations.
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